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L2 Layer Management

Overview

The L2 stack is designed to hide the whole networking link-layer part and the related device drivers from the upper network stack. This is made through a net_if declared in include/net/net_if.h.

The upper layers are unaware of implementation details beyond the net_if object and the generic API provided by the L2 layer in include/net/net_l2.h as net_l2.

Only the L2 layer can talk to the device driver, linked to the net_if object. The L2 layer dictates the API provided by the device driver, specific for that device, and optimized for working together.

Currently, there are L2 layers for Ethernet, IEEE 802.15.4 Soft-MAC, Bluetooth IPSP, CANBUS, OpenThread, Wi-Fi, and a dummy layer example that can be used as a template for writing a new one.

L2 layer API

In order to create an L2 layer, or a driver for a specific L2 layer, one needs to understand how the L3 layer interacts with it and how the L2 layer is supposed to behave. See also network stack architecture for more details. The generic L2 API has these functions:

  • recv(): All device drivers, once they receive a packet which they put into a net_pkt, will push this buffer to the network stack via net_recv_data(). At this point, the network stack does not know what to do with it. Instead, it passes the buffer along to the L2 stack’s recv() function for handling. The L2 stack does what it needs to do with the packet, for example, parsing the link layer header, or handling link-layer only packets. The recv() function will return NET_DROP in case of an erroneous packet, NET_OK if the packet was fully consumed by the L2, or NET_CONTINUE if the network stack should then handle it.

  • send(): Similar to receive function, the network stack will call this function to actually send a network packet. All relevant link-layer content will be generated and added by this function. The send() function returns the number of bytes sent, or a negative error code if there was a failure sending the network packet.

  • enable(): This function is used to enable/disable traffic over a network interface. The function returns <0 if error and >=0 if no error.

  • get_flags(): This function will return the capabilities of an L2 driver, for example whether the L2 supports multicast or promiscuous mode.

Network Device drivers

Network device drivers fully follows Zephyr device driver model as a basis. Please refer to Device Driver Model.

There are, however, two differences:

Implementing a network device driver depends on the L2 stack it belongs to: Ethernet, IEEE 802.15.4, etc. In the next section, we will describe how a device driver should behave when receiving or sending a network packet. The rest is hardware dependent and is not detailed here.

Ethernet device driver

On reception, it is up to the device driver to fill-in the network packet with as many data buffers as required. The network packet itself is a net_pkt and should be allocated through net_pkt_rx_alloc_with_buffer(). Then all data buffers will be automatically allocated and filled by net_pkt_write().

After all the network data has been received, the device driver needs to call net_recv_data(). If that call fails, it will be up to the device driver to unreference the buffer via net_pkt_unref().

On sending, the device driver send function will be called, and it is up to the device driver to send the network packet all at once, with all the buffers.

Each Ethernet device driver will need, in the end, to call ETH_NET_DEVICE_INIT() like this:

ETH_NET_DEVICE_INIT(..., CONFIG_ETH_INIT_PRIORITY,
                    &the_valid_net_if_api_instance, 1500);

IEEE 802.15.4 device driver

Device drivers for IEEE 802.15.4 L2 work basically the same as for Ethernet. What has been described above, especially for recv(), applies here as well. There are two specific differences however:

  • It requires a dedicated device driver API: ieee802154_radio_api, which overloads net_if_api. This is because 802.15.4 L2 needs more from the device driver than just send() and recv() functions. This dedicated API is declared in include/net/ieee802154_radio.h. Each and every IEEE 802.15.4 device driver must provide a valid pointer on such relevantly filled-in API structure.

  • Sending a packet is slightly different than in Ethernet. IEEE 802.15.4 sends relatively small frames, 127 bytes all inclusive: frame header, payload and frame checksum. Buffers are meant to fit such frame size limitation. But a buffer containing an IPv6/UDP packet might have more than one fragment. IEEE 802.15.4 drivers handle only one buffer at a time. This is why the ieee802154_radio_api requires a tx function pointer which differs from the net_if_api send function pointer. Instead, the IEEE 802.15.4 L2, provides a generic ieee802154_radio_send() meant to be given as net_if send function. It turn, the implementation of ieee802154_radio_send() will ensure the same behavior: sending one buffer at a time through ieee802154_radio_api tx function, and unreferencing the network packet only when all the transmission were successful.

Each IEEE 802.15.4 device driver, in the end, will need to call NET_DEVICE_INIT_INSTANCE() that way:

NET_DEVICE_INIT_INSTANCE(...,
                         the_device_init_prio,
                         &the_valid_ieee802154_radio_api_instance,
                         IEEE802154_L2,
                         NET_L2_GET_CTX_TYPE(IEEE802154_L2), 125);

API Reference

group net_l2

Network Layer 2 abstraction layer.

Enums

enum net_l2_flags

L2 flags

Values:

enumerator NET_L2_MULTICAST = BIT(0)

IP multicast supported

enumerator NET_L2_MULTICAST_SKIP_JOIN_SOLICIT_NODE = BIT(1)

Do not joint solicited node multicast group

enumerator NET_L2_PROMISC_MODE = BIT(2)

Is promiscuous mode supported

enumerator NET_L2_POINT_TO_POINT = BIT(3)

Is this L2 point-to-point with tunneling so no need to have IP address etc to network interface.

struct net_l2
#include <net_l2.h>

Network L2 structure.

Used to provide an interface to lower network stack.

Public Members

enum net_verdict (*recv)(struct net_if *iface, struct net_pkt *pkt)

This function is used by net core to get iface’s L2 layer parsing what’s relevant to itself.

int (*send)(struct net_if *iface, struct net_pkt *pkt)

This function is used by net core to push a packet to lower layer (interface’s L2), which in turn might work on the packet relevantly. (adding proper header etc…) Returns a negative error code, or the number of bytes sent otherwise.

int (*enable)(struct net_if *iface, bool state)

This function is used to enable/disable traffic over a network interface. The function returns <0 if error and >=0 if no error.

enum net_l2_flags (*get_flags)(struct net_if *iface)

Return L2 flags for the network interface.